English novelist and critic, grandson of the prominent biologist T.H. Huxley (see further below) and brother of Julian Huxley, who also was a biologist. Aldous Huxley's production was wide. Besides novels, he published travel books, histories, poems, plays, and essays on philosophy, arts, sociology, religion and morals. Among Huxley's best known novels is BRAVE NEW WORLD, which is one of the classical works of science fiction along with George Orwell's Nineteen-Eighty-Four. The novel was a pessimistic answer to H.G. Wells' scientific optimism. The drug "soma", mentioned in the story, comes from Thomas More's Utopia. In his later years Huxley wrote two books about mind-altering drugs.

"Half of the human race lives in manifest obedience to the lunar rhythm; and there is evidence to show that the psychological and therefore the spiritual life, not only of women, but of men too, mysteriously ebbs and flows with the changes of the moon. There are unreasoned joys, inexplicable miseries, laughters and remorses without a cause. Their sudden and fantastic alternations constitute the ordinary weather of our minds. These moods, of which the more gravely numinous may be hypostasised as gods, the lighter, if we will, as hobgoblins and fairies, are the children of the blood and humours. But the blood and humours obey, among many other masters, the changing moon. Touching the soul directly through the eyes and, indirectly, along the dark channels of the blood, the moon is doubly a divinity."
(from 'Meditations of the Moon' in Music at Night and Other Essays, 1931)

Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey into a well-to-do upper-middle-class family. On his mother's side he was related to Matthew Arnold, the great British humanist, and his father was a biographer, editor, and poet. He first studied at Eton College, Berkshire (1908-13). At the age of 16 Huxley suffered an attack of keratitis punctata and became, for a period of about 18 months, totally blind. By using special glasses he was able to read and he also learned braille to relieve his eyes. Despite a condition of near-blindness, Huxley continued his studies at Balliol College, Oxford (1913-15), receiving his B.A. in English in 1916. Unable to pursue his chosen career as a scientist or fight in World War on the front, Huxley turned to writing. He worked for the War Office in London in 1917, taught briefly at Eton College and Repton. His first collection of poetry appeared in 1916 and two more volumes followed by 1920. In 1919-20 he was member of the editorial staff of Athenaeum under Middleton Murray, Katherine Mansfield's husband.

In 1920-21 Huxley was drama critic for the Westminster Gazette, an assistant at the Chelsea Book Club and worked for Condé Nast Publications (1922). In 1921 Huxley's first novel CROME YELLOW, a witty criticism of society, was published. Huxley's style, a combination of dazzling dialogue, surface cynicism and social criticism, made him one of the most fashionable literary figures of the decade. In eight years he published a dozen books, among them POINT COUNTER POINT (1928), a harrowing account of the death of the protagonist's child and various thwarted love-affairs. In this complex work, numerous characters are compared to instruments in an orchestra, each character plays his separate portion of Huxley's vision of life.

During the 1920s Huxley formed a close friendship with D.H. Lawrence with whom he travelled in Italy and France. For most of the 1920s Huxley lived in Italy. In the 1930s he moved to Sanary, near Toulon, where he wrote Brave New World, a vision of a soulless, highly technological society of the future. During this decade he was deeply concerned with the Peace Pledge Union.

"One Folk, One Realm, One Leader. Union with the unity of an insect swarm. Knowledgeless understanding of nonsense and diabolism. And then the newsreel camera had cut back to the serried ranks, the swastikas, the brass bands, the yelling hypnotist on the rostrum. And here once again, in the glare of his inner light, was the brown insectlike column, marching endlessly to the tunes of this rococo horror-music. Onward Nazi soldiers, onward Christian soldiers, onward Marxists and Muslims, onward every chosen People, every Crusader and Holy War-maker. Onward into misery, into all wickedness, into death!"
(from Island, 1962)

In 1937 Huxley moved to the United States with the guru-figure Gerald Heard. He believed the Californian climate would help his eyesight, a constant burden. After this turning point in his life, Huxley abandoned pure fictional writing and chose the essay as the definitive vehicle for expressing his ideas. He also wrote screenplays in collaboration with Christopher Isherwood for film studios, but did not gain success in this field. His own work for Hollywood included a screenplay for MGM's Pride and Prejudice (1940). Huxley was a regular contributor to Vedanta and the West, the magazine Isherwood edited while a discipline of Swami Prabhavananda.

In 1954 Huxley published an influential study of consciousness expansion through mescaline, THE DOORS OF PERCEPTION and became later a guru among Californian hippies'. He also started to use LSD and showed interest in Hindu philosophy.

In 1961 Huxley suffered a severe loss when his house and his papers were destroyed in a bush-fire. Huxley died in Los Angeles on November 22, 1963. In the media news of his death were overshadowed by the assassination of President Kennedy. Huxley was married twice. In 1919 he married Maria Nys, a Belgian, who died 1956. They had one son. In 1956 he married the violinist and psychotherapist Laura Archera.

As an essayist Huxley was concerned about the power of science and technology. His pessimism caused much controversy among his readers. Huxley's disillusionment led him finally to seek answers from mysticism. Among Huxley's most puzzling ideas was the education of the human being as 'amphibian', one capable of living in different environments. Late in his life Huxley remarked, "It is a bit embarrassing to have been concerned with the human problem all one's life and find at the and that one has no more to offer by way of advice that 'Try to be a little kinder.'"

Huxley's later works include THE DEVILS OF LOUDON (1952), depicting mass-hysteria and exorcism in the 17th-century France. ISLAND (1962) was an utopian novel and a return to the territory of Brave New World, in which a journalist shipwrecks on Pala, the fabled island, and discovers there a kind and happy people. But the earthly paradise is not immune to the harsh realities of oil policy. BRAVE NEW WORLD REVISITED (1959) was a sequel to his classic novel, in which Huxley compares the predictions of his earlier work with subsequent developments in science and society. In 1963 appeared LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, a collection of essays.

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) English biologist, who wrote on biology as a specialist and as a popularizer. His also published books on education, philosophy and theology. Huxley's investigations in comparative anatomy, palaeontology, and evolution exerted a great influence on the 19th century biology. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1851 and at the age of 26 he was recognized as one of the leading scientist in England. Among his publications is Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (1863). T.H. Huxley's grandson Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975) became a famous biologist. The writer Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) was his brother. - SEE ALSO: Charles Darwin, whom Huxley met in 1851 and maintained a close relationship thereafter. Huxley was Darwin's first supporters.

For further reading: Aldous Huxley by Harold H. Watts (1969); Aldous Huxley by John Atkins (1967); Aldous Huxley and the Way to Reality by Charles M. Holmes (1970); Aldous Huxley: Satirist and Novelist by Peter Firchow (1972); Aldous Huxley by Sybille Bedford (1973-74, 2 vols.); Aldous Huxley: The Critical Heritage by Donald Watts (1975)

Brave New World (1932) - A black comedy and nightmarish vision of a future society.- In the year 632 after Ford (i.e., the 26th century) the world has attained a kind of scientifically balanced communist utopia. Universal happiness is preserved by psychotropic drugs. Scientists are able to produce babies who will fit their future job exactly. John the Savage, raised in a reservation of American Indian primitives, abandoned by his mother in a primitive outpost, comes into this world. John is a thinking, feeling individual, who has read Shakespeare and witnessed primitive religious rituals. When his mother dies of an overdose of the feel-good drug, John swells a violent revolt. He engages in a dialogue with the World Controller Mustapha Mond and debates the merits of freedom and passion. He is harassed as a freak of the accepted social order. In the end the Savage yields to the temptations of the carefree world, and kills himself in disgust.

• THE BURNING WHEEL, 1916
• THE DEFEAT OF YOUTH, 1918
• LIMBO, 1920
• CROME YELLOW, 1921
• ANTIC HAY, 1923
• ON THE MARGIN, 1923
• ALONG THE ROAD, 1925
• THOSE BARREN LEAVES, 1925
• JESTING PILATE, 1926
• ESSAYS NEW AND OLD, 1926
• PROPER STUDIES, 1927
• POINT COUNTER POINT, 1928
• DO WHAT YOU WILL, 1929
• HOLY FACE, AND OTHER ESSAYS, 1929
• BRIEF CANDLES, 1930
• THE WORLD OF LIGHT, 1931
• MUSIC AT NIGHT, 1931
• THE LETTERS OF D.H. LAWRENCE, 1932 (ed.)
• BRAVE NEW WORLD, 1932
• BEYOND THE MEXIQUE BAY, 1934
• EYELESS IN GAZA, 1936
• THE OLIVE TREE, AND OTHER ESSAYS, 1936
• STORIES, ESSAYS, AND POEMS, 1937
• ENDS AND MEANS, 1937
• AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PACIFISM, 1937 (ed.)
• AFTER MANY A SUMMER DIES THE SWAN, 1938
• TIME MUST HAVE A STOP, 1944
• THE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHY, 1946 (ed.)
• APE AND ESSENCE, 1948
• THE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHY, 1948
• GIOCONDA SMILE, 1948
• COLLECTED WORKS, 1948 - (in progress)
• THEMES AND VARIATIONS, 1950
• THE DEVILS OF LOUDUN, 1952
• THE DOORS OF PERCEPRION, 1954
• ADONIS AND THE ALPHABET, 1956
• COLLECTED SHORT STORIES, 1957
• THE WORLD OF ALDOUS HUXLEY, 1957
• BRAVE NEW WORLD REVISITED, 1958
• COLLECTED ESSAYS, 1959
• ON ART AND ARTIST, 1960
• SELECTED ESSAYS. 1961
• LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. 1963
• LETTERS OF ALDOUS HUXLEY, 1969
• THE COLLECTED WORKS OF ALDOUS HUXLEY, 1970
• HUXLEY AND GOD, 1992
• HEARST ESSAYS, 1994
• BETWEEN THE WARS, 1994
• THE HIDDEN HUXLEY, 1994